{
  config,
  lib,
  pkgs,
  ...
}:
pkgs.testers.runNixOSTest {
  name = "fail2ban-caddy";

  nodes = {
    server =
      {
        config,
        pkgs,
        lib,
        ...
      }:
      {
        imports = [
          ../modules/security.nix
        ];

        # Set up Caddy with basic auth (minimal config, no production stuff)
        # Using bcrypt hash generated with: caddy hash-password --plaintext testpass
        services.caddy = {
          enable = true;
          virtualHosts.":80".extraConfig = ''
            log {
              output file /var/log/caddy/access-server.log
              format json
            }
            basic_auth {
              testuser $2a$14$XqaQlGTdmofswciqrLlMz.rv0/jiGQq8aU.fP6mh6gCGiLf6Cl3.a
            }
            respond "Authenticated!" 200
          '';
        };

        # Add the fail2ban jail for caddy-auth (same as in services/caddy.nix)
        services.fail2ban.jails.caddy-auth = {
          enabled = true;
          settings = {
            backend = "auto";
            port = "http,https";
            logpath = "/var/log/caddy/access-*.log";
            maxretry = 3; # Lower for testing
          };
          filter.Definition = {
            # Only match 401s where an Authorization header was actually sent
            failregex = ''^.*"remote_ip":"<HOST>".*"Authorization":\["REDACTED"\].*"status":401.*$'';
            ignoreregex = "";
            datepattern = ''"ts":{Epoch}\.'';
          };
        };

        # Create log directory and initial log file so fail2ban can start
        systemd.tmpfiles.rules = [
          "d /var/log/caddy 755 caddy caddy"
          "f /var/log/caddy/access-server.log 644 caddy caddy"
        ];

        networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 80 ];
      };

    client = {
      environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.curl ];
    };
  };

  testScript = ''
    import time
    import re

    start_all()
    server.wait_for_unit("caddy.service")
    server.wait_for_unit("fail2ban.service")
    server.wait_for_open_port(80)
    time.sleep(2)

    with subtest("Verify caddy-auth jail is active"):
        status = server.succeed("fail2ban-client status")
        assert "caddy-auth" in status, f"caddy-auth jail not found in: {status}"

    with subtest("Verify correct password works"):
        # Use -4 to force IPv4 for consistency
        result = client.succeed("curl -4 -s -u testuser:testpass http://server/")
        print(f"Curl result: {result}")
        assert "Authenticated" in result, f"Auth should succeed: {result}"

    with subtest("Unauthenticated requests (browser probes) should not trigger ban"):
        # Simulate browser probe requests - no Authorization header sent
        # This is the normal HTTP Basic Auth challenge-response flow:
        # browser sends request without credentials, gets 401, then resends with credentials
        for i in range(5):
            client.execute("curl -4 -s http://server/ || true")
            time.sleep(0.5)
        time.sleep(3)
        status = server.succeed("fail2ban-client status caddy-auth")
        print(f"caddy-auth jail status after unauthenticated requests: {status}")
        match = re.search(r"Currently banned:\s*(\d+)", status)
        banned = int(match.group(1)) if match else 0
        assert banned == 0, f"Unauthenticated 401s should NOT trigger ban, but {banned} IPs were banned: {status}"

    with subtest("Generate failed basic auth attempts (wrong password)"):
        # Use -4 to force IPv4 for consistent IP tracking
        # These send an Authorization header with wrong credentials
        for i in range(4):
            client.execute("curl -4 -s -u testuser:wrongpass http://server/ || true")
            time.sleep(1)

    with subtest("Verify IP is banned after wrong password attempts"):
        time.sleep(5)
        status = server.succeed("fail2ban-client status caddy-auth")
        print(f"caddy-auth jail status: {status}")
        # Check that at least 1 IP is banned
        match = re.search(r"Currently banned:\s*(\d+)", status)
        assert match and int(match.group(1)) >= 1, f"Expected at least 1 banned IP, got: {status}"

    with subtest("Verify banned client cannot connect"):
        # Use -4 to test with same IP that was banned
        exit_code = client.execute("curl -4 -s --max-time 3 http://server/ 2>&1")[0]
        assert exit_code != 0, "Connection should be blocked"
  '';
}